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Research has shown that by ‘having a successful, healthy and active life before and after reaching old age’ one can enhance the chances of retaining independence.
‘Financial resources, an active mind, good relationships with family and friends, fitness and health and good self-esteem are all associated with being able to stay living independently. Even when serious disability or illness occurs, these personal resources and social capital increase choices and enhance the likelihood that an individual can access services, be supported informally and stay living independently.’ (Ministry of Social Policy Factors Affecting the Ability of Older People to Live Independently – A Report for the International Year of Older Persons New Zealand 2000 pg 58). This Report clearly identified the importance of older people having control of their lives and affairs.
We have incorporated these thoughts and identified the following major factors that are important in maintaining independence:
(The following sections of ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ address these in more detail.)
Much of government health policy is directed to helping people remain safely independent in their own homes for as long as possible so that the focus of any assistance you might receive is to help you retain, maximise or restore your skills and abilities. If, however, you are not able to do things for yourself, autonomy becomes an important consideration as do your rights to self-determination or self-governance.
NOTE: The values associated with ageing differ from culture to culture. While independence and autonomy are highly valued in western society, interconnectedness and giving and receiving help may be more important in others.
Exercise needn’t be a burden. Many activities that you do each day as part of your routine may in fact be exercise. A good day in the garden will let anyone know that they have been exercising but even more gentle daily activities such as taking a brisk walk or playing with the grandchildren are sufficient to maintain a good state of fitness.
Many local authorities run exercise programmes for older people which include activities such as gym, exercise groups, swimming and pool jogging, yoga, bowls, walking groups, Tai Chi etc. The general rules are ‘Stay Active’ and ‘Use it or lose it’. Start exercising slowly and build up to a level you can sustain.
A regular exercise routine that totals 30 minutes per day brings real health benefits. The benefits of exercise include; improvement in mobility, improvement in mood, lowering of blood pressure, reducing risk factors associated with heart disease, maintenance of bone strength etc.
See your doctor if you experience any unexplained pain or shortness of breath during activity or if you are unsure what amount of exercise you require.
Mental fitness
Remaining mentally fit is as important as physical fitness and often the two go hand in hand. Factors such as having regular physical exercise; staying well; seeing your doctor when you are unwell and having a good diet all contribute to good mental health.
We can also exercise our mental health. ‘Use it or lose it’ still applies. There are a number of ways that the mind can be exercised e.g.:
If you or someone close to you is experiencing memory loss talk to your doctor. Dementia is not the only cause of memory loss and some conditions are treatable. Alzheimers NZ and Dementia NZ can give you information and advice.
Depression is an often-unrecognised condition of older people and is also often misunderstood by the older person experiencing it. Depression is not a normal part of ageing. While it can be a serious illness in most instances it can be successfully treated. The benefits of sorting it out early are worthwhile. There is free help available including 1737.
For further information refer to the question below: Feeling flat and depressed - Is it normal to feel this way at my age?
By building stronger community connections that make it easier to find new friends, we can all play a part in reducing loneliness. It’s about giving everyone the opportunity to meet up in a natural way. It’s sad how often older people say they don’t want to be a burden or that they feel lonely or isolated. Often the person thinks there is little they can do about this. They may have built defensive walls around themselves or retreated from social settings so as not to impose on others. The result could be a breakdown in social connections, unhappiness, poor health and a reduced length of life. We believe our society wants better things for our older people. There are solutions.
You are the person you are due to the circumstances that you have faced through life, your genetic makeup and many other factors. It is likely you have also had significant losses including the loss of someone with whom you had a close emotional connection and maybe even a loss of your own identity and purposefulness.
Social isolation and loneliness are not the same thing. Social isolation is about a lack of social contact whereas loneliness is more complex and related to a mismatch between what you are wanting from your relationships and what you are getting – you can be lonely in a crowd. It therefore follows that loneliness probably won’t be ‘cured’ by joining a group but social isolation may be.
The environment where these problems are flourishing has been a long time in the making. Our Western lifestyle has focused on the individual and our rights, often at the expense of connections with others. Families are commonly scattered, eroding intergenerational support. Our health may limit our ability to get out and about. Even our ability to access technology can help or hinder our social networks.
The good news is society is always changing and together we can help shape it. Ideas for building stronger community connections include:
FIVE THINGS YOU CAN DO
It’s natural to look back over life and reflect. While our minds want to settle on more positive thoughts, it is all too easy to think about the things we have lost, done or not done, and things we now regret. Feeling lonely at these times is normal, but dwelling on these thoughts can tip you into despair. Use the warnings from these emotions to motivate you to act.
1 A good way to deal with these feelings is to talk. It’s OK to be vulnerable and seek help. Ask at your health service to find what local support may be available.
2 Check your thoughts. While not denying your feelings, your thoughts can mislead you and are not necessarily the facts. Can you let go of those thoughts for a short time? Try doing something different for a while and focus on that.
3 Given the person you are now, try setting some different and perhaps more realistic expectations of yourself and others. If you can’t put right some wrongs, you can at least forgive yourself or others.
4 Do things that give you a sense of self-worth or that make you feel connected to others. Say yes a lot, especially to invitations. Smile when you talk on the phone even if you don’t feel like it – smiling changes the tone of your voice.
5 Try to keep your mind open to new things and opportunities. You can grow new friends. Show an interest in others; ask them questions about themselves.
Eldernet and Making Life Easier for a full list of Community activities in your area 0800 162 706
Caring Caller Service 0800 780 046 or Caring Caller Service
Age Concern 0800 65 2 105 or Age Concern
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Eldernet Ltd make a conscientious effort to ensure that the information on this site is accurate and up to date, however we, or our agents, cannot accept liability for any omissions, errors or action taken on the basis of information contained on the site.
The material on this site is intended for general information purposes only. It is not intended to replace information given to you by a health or other professional. Nothing on this site constitutes financial or other advice. Eldernet does not recommend any financial product on a site which a link is provided to. Any recommendation or opinion expressed in relation to a particular product is solely the view of the relevant contributor. No articles or linked sites are financial advice for the purposes of the Financial Advisers Act 2008 and should not be relied upon in making an investment decision. Eldernet Ltd encourage you at all times, when seeking specific advice, to consult a professional in that field.
Eldernet also contains a large number of links to third party sites that in the opinion of Eldernet may provide information of interest to our users. However such information cannot be guaranteed to be accurate or up to date. We have very limited knowledge about the content of these sites, cannot give you any assurances about their information and take no responsibility for it. We ask you to exercise your judgment.
Updated: 16/06/2015
Outside
Inside
If you purchase assistive equipment talk to your doctor or practice nurse first or get specialist advice such as from an appropriately qualified assessor, Physiotherapist or Occupational Therapist to ensure that you get the right equipment for your needs. Not all equipment suits all people e.g. a walking frame can be suitable for one person (because of their condition/needs) but dangerous for another.
Falls Prevention
Falls are the leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in people aged 65 years and over, so it makes sense to ensure your home is as risk free as possible. The ACC website has some great information on falls prevention – and a booklet you can download. They also have information on preventing injuries.
Despite the alarming stories we see in the news ‘home invasion’ is rare and older people are less likely than other age groups to be the victims of such offences. Never the less many older people still feel vulnerable especially if they live alone. Burglary however, is another issue. More commonly burglaries are opportunistic and occur through the day when people are at home, perhaps when out gardening. It therefore pays to be diligent with home security. The following are ideas for improving security:
This depends on a number of factors including why you need the services, whether other household members can help out and whether you have a Community Services card.
As each situation is unique you need to be guided by your local NASC team.
Seniorline 0800 725 463 may also be able to advise.
• making time to talk about it when you are both feeling ok;
• encouraging the person to speak about any fears they may have e.g. worried that this conversation will lead to them ‘going into care’.
• listening carefully and not minimising what they are saying.
• expressing your concerns.
• being honest about what you can and can’t do to assist them.
• talking through all the options together.
• encouraging the person to make an independent decision if possible.
This is a sensitive subject, given that people find it very difficult admitting that maybe everything is not well behind closed doors. Its beginning is often insidious; the issues are often complex and it is easy to convince yourself that this is just ‘normal family dynamics’.
A good test of this reasoning is that; if a stranger were to be treated this way would you think it was ok?
By the time it becomes more obvious the person being abused can even begin defending the abuser. Psychological factors such as blaming the older person for the situation can make the older person feel responsible for what is happening to them e.g. “It’s my fault. I’m so slow these days, no wonder they yell at me.”
The victims of abuse are usually more frail and dependent on others. Research has shown that the most likely perpetrators of the abuse are family members especially daughter/daughter in law or son. Anyone can perpetrate abuse and this includes partners, friends, home help personnel and residential care workers.
The types of abuse include:
Physical Abuse
Physical abuse involves the wilful infliction of injury or pain and includes actions such as burning, slapping, hitting, bruising, squeezing, restraining, inappropriate use of or the withholding of medication etc.
Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse involves unwanted sexual contact. Threats or force may be involved.
Financial Abuse
Financial abuse is the inappropriate, illegal or improper exploitation of the funds of the older person. This may be without the victims consent or if it is, it may be under duress. Examples include demanding the pin number of bank accounts etc.
Emotional/Psychological Abuse
Emotional/ Psychological abuse involves the infliction of mental or emotional anguish or fear. It may involve humiliation, intimidation, threats or removal of decision-making powers.
Neglect
Neglect is the failure to provide the basic necessities of life e.g. adequate meals, heating, clothing etc. Active neglect is the conscious deprivation of the basic necessities. Passive neglect often results from a caregivers refusal or failure to provide those necessities because of their own lack of information or refusal to follow the directions of health professionals etc.
Institutional abuse
Although much less common, institutional abuse can occur in places such as residential care homes. Questions should be asked for example: if a resident shows ‘grip marks’ on their skin, is becoming withdrawn or fearful, is making inappropriate gifts or giving money to staff, or staff are explaining ‘accidents’ or ‘omissions of care’ with excuses such as: ‘I forgot about him’ or ‘He’s always calling out. He doesn’t need anything’ etc.
Factors that increase the likelihood of abuse
Caregiving can be stressful and stress is one of the factors that are most commonly seen in abusive situations. Other factors that increase the likelihood of abuse include;
Factors that keep people tied into abusive relationships include:
Protective factors for the older person:
Getting help
If you are in an abusive situation, or you know about an older person who is, talk to someone who will take it seriously and help you work out a plan of action. Abusive situations are damaging to all parties. You do not have to ‘put up with it’.
Age Concern is the biggest provider of Elder Abuse and Neglect Prevention Services. These services raise awareness and provide education about prevention. They also co-ordinate responses to cases of abuse and/or neglect of older people. Their website has extensive information about the subject and lists of all contracted providers of these services. Other agencies you can contact for assistance and/or advice include:
The reporting of Elder Abuse is not mandatory however under the Crimes Act 1961 someone who has frequent contact with and is a member of the same household as the person being abused/neglected; or someone who is a staff member of any hospital, institution, or residence where the person lives must take reasonable steps to protect the older person from that risk.
If the person who is aware of the issue is a professional, or is acting in a professional way, they should discuss various options with the person concerned and encourage them to take more control of their life. Appropriate support should also be found.
It needs to be understood that if children or vulnerable people are at risk then those who know about the situation have an ethical obligation to ensure their safety. A person acting in a responsible way will make sure that this is done.
Further reading
A report Beyond Zero Tolerance: Key issues and future directions for family violence work in New Zealand published in August 2005 by the Families Commission
Elder Abuse and Neglect Report 2008
Updated 2015-07-15
We would refer you to the following New Zealand websites:
Ministry of Health - Diseases and conditions (Information about the Ministry’s work in relation to diseases and conditions.)
Medsafe (Information about medication and medical devices.)
Helpful and comprehensive information may be found on the Land Transport web site. To access the section for Seniors click HERE
This can be quite a hard issue to cope with as you may feel you should just take what’s given and not complain. This isn’t so; the work done by people who come into your home to help you is expected to meet required standards. The problem can be addressed.
If you allow the situation to go on as it is, it often leads to a sense of powerlessness. Try to take control of the situation or tell someone else who can do this for you.
The things that you can do to sort your situation out depend on what the problem is and how serious it is. In many instances it could be as simple you having an honest talk to the worker or for the agency to change the worker to someone more suited to you and your needs.
The following scenarios are quite typical:
Perhaps you are not used to having people come into your home to help you. You may also feel a little embarrassed about this, so you tidy things up before your home help person arrives. This can lead to the roles between yourself and the home help person becoming a bit muddled. Consequently the real situation is masked and the worker really doesn’t know what to do.
Moving towards a solution :
It is fairly natural that you may want to be polite and offer hospitality. Sometimes however, sitting down for a ‘cuppa’ can go beyond a quick ‘cuppa’ and become an excuse for the worker to do nothing. Also, if you are lonely, you may initially enjoy having someone to talk to but realise later that the work isn’t being done. You feel ‘taken advantage of’.
Moving towards a solution :
Another problem people complain about relates to the way in which jobs are done.
Moving towards a solution
Very occasionally serious misconduct e.g. theft, abuse etc. occurs. Report this to the person in authority and/or the police immediately
The Work and Income web site contains comprehensive information about government assistance that may be available from this department. Please note: eligibility criteria apply.
The website is divided into different sections to make it easier to find your way around. Continue to follow the links in these sections to gain more comprehensive information. The more comprehensive information is found in the sections 'Manuals and procedures'.
Main benefits include:
New Zealand Superannuation for those over 65 years of age
Widows Benefit for women whose husband or partner has died.
Domestic Purposes includes those over 16 years of age caring for someone living at home (other than their partner) who would otherwise require hospital care, in some cases an older woman living alone
Unsupported Childs Benefit may be available for grandparents caring for grandchildren. (See also the useful brochure ‘Help for Kinship Carers’ You will be asked if you want to open or save the file).
War and Veterans Pensions If you have ‘served’ you may be entitled to a War or Veterans pension or other special benefits.
Details about benefits that may be available for those experiencing financial hardship include:
Special Needs Grant urgent one-off payment.
Temporary Additional Support - short term only – replaces Special Benefit (grand parenting applies to those previously receiving a Special Benefit) See also Recoverable Assistance Payment
Advance Payment to help pay for the things you need (you have to pay it back)
Other assistance includes:
Community Services Card This card can help you with the cost of health care.
Disability Allowance It must be shown that the disability is likely to last at least six weeks and you need to be able to demonstrate that the costs incurred are regular and ongoing. Other eligibility criteria also apply. There are examples on the site of what type of costs may be claimed.
Special Disability Allowance This payment is designed to help cover the extra costs for those whose partner is in residential care.
Funeral Grant This grant is not intended to cover the full cost of a funeral.
House Modification Grant - Please note the District Health Board pays this grant. Work & Income administer the Income & Asset test
Living Alone Superannuation Rate - for single people or those considered to be single and living alone. Check this if your circumstances have changed and alert WINZ
Residential Care Subsidy (see also the Eldernet section on Residential Care Frequent Questions) Please note this subsidy is paid by the District Health Board. Work & Income administer the Income & Asset test
If you can not find the information you are looking for you may find Extra Help useful.
DHB’S are contracted by the government to provide home-based services If you have had an assessment you may be eligible for free or subsidised
services. Subsidised services are provided by one of the DHB contracted agencies in your region. Services may also be purchased privately.
In the past, services have been offered more on a ‘prescribed’ basis i.e. the agency tells you what they can provide and you decide what is going to be most helpful. There is now a move away from this approach to services that are more responsive to individual needs. Having said this, consistently the same sorts of need arise such as:
It may be that what you want most, is to make sure someone exercises your dog! If you can be clear about what you need to enable you to live as independently as possible then it is hoped that the service can be flexible enough to accommodate this or will refer you elsewhere if it cannot.
For specific information about your region contact your local agency (see HERE)
Housing New Zealand offers a ‘Suitable Homes’ advisory service. Eligibility criteria apply. Please note the service does not pay for the modifications but they can point you in the right direction. See also the section - Ministry of Health – Disability Funding.
For details about funding pertaining to accident related situations see the ACC website. The ACC Covered web site includes specific information about the type of assistance that may be available, funding, aids etc.
ACC also has an accident prevention role. The web site includes sections such as:
The Enable New Zealand web site provides comprehensive information about:
From 1st July 2006 the rates rebate threshold was increased. This means that many more people will now be eligible. To find out more about the scheme and to determine your eligibility see the Internal Affairs website www.dia.govt.nz or click HERE.
Please note this section is intended as a guide only. It is not definitive. Eldernet does not accept any responsibility for people taking action based on this information alone. Please therefore ensure that you seek the appropriate advice from the agency concerned or your financial advisor.
Updated 2015-07-14
Under an Act of Parliament called the Protection of Personal and Property Rights Act 1988, every person is able to put in place a power of attorney known as an Enduring Power of Attorney, sometimes referred to as an EPOA. These powers of attorney come in two forms – one for personal care and welfare (which can only operate when the person who has given the power (the donor) no longer has mental capacity to make their own decisions), and a second for property matters (which can operate at any time). EPOAs permit another person (the attorney) to make binding decisions for the donor. In relation to personal care and welfare, only one attorney can be appointed at any given time, but in relation to property matters, the donor can appoint two or more attorneys, usually to act jointly.
The Act changed with effect from 26 September 2008 but the change did not affect powers of attorney validly in place before that date. The principal change deals with establishing an EPOA and requires a donor to receive independent advice before the document can be signed including the donor having the effect of the EPOA explained to them. The signature of the donor must be witnessed either by a solicitor or by a registered legal executive and importantly, the witness must be independent of the attorney. A lawyer cannot act for the attorney and for the donor, which may seem harsh particularly where perhaps a husband and wife are giving a power of attorney to each other.
The regulations require a donor to address such matters as whether he or she wishes to place any restrictions on the powers available to an attorney, whether the donor wishes the attorney to consult with any other person or persons in the exercise of their duty and how much information the donor wants his or her attorney to provide to any other person. The power of attorney form also requires the donor to specify who they would like to be consulted if there is a question of the donor lacking capacity. An attorney acting under an EPOA for property is able to make a Will for the donor, with the consent of the Court.
The distinct difference between an Enduring Power of Attorney and a ‘traditional’ or ‘general’ power of attorney is that an Enduring Power of Attorney remains in full force and power if for any reason the donor loses mental capacity. All other types of power of attorney ceases to be of effect if or when the donor losses mental capacity. An Enduring Power of Attorney can also act as a ‘general’ power of attorney if the donor wishes, or it can be set up so that it only comes into force if the donor loses mental capacity.
If a person loses mental capacity for any reason and does not have an Enduring Power of Attorney in place the Protection of Personal and Property Rights Act 1988 provides for an application to be made to the Family Court for someone to be appointed by the Court as either a personal welfare guardian or a property manager, as appropriate. The significant difference is that a donor can choose the person they appoint under an EPOA and make sure that person is aware of the donor wishes in respect of welfare or property decisions.
The cost of establishing an Enduring Power of Attorney is typically less than $1,000 but if an application needs to be made to the Court, following a person’s sudden or unexpected loss of mental capacity, the costs may likely exceed $3,000 and must be paid from the person’s own resources. Government assistance may be available, depending on individual circumstances.
Before making an appointment as welfare guardian or property manager, the Court must be satisfied that there is a genuine loss of mental capacity. Usually, a medical opinion will be required which will be filed with the Court by an independent solicitor. If a property manager is to have the ability to deal with property in excess of $120,000 in value, this will require the consent of the Court.
The appointment of a property manager and/or a welfare guardian must be reviewed by the Court every three years and will typically require the same process to be followed and further costs to be incurred.
Updated 1 July 2015 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers - www.laneneave.co.nz
DISCLAIMER The information provided in this list of Questions and Answers (Q&A) is of a general nature. It is not intended as a substitute for specific professional advice on any matter and should not be relied upon for that purpose. The Q&A is not an alternative to legal advice and does not replace any requirements under any relevant Act, Regulations, Code of Practice, Rule, Standards or Orders. While Eldernet and Lane Neave Lawyers have endeavoured to ensure this information is accurate and as useful as possible, to the fullest extent permitted by law neither organisation accepts any loss, liability or responsibility (whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise) resulting directly or indirectly from any action taken or reliance made by any person on the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this Q&A or incorporated into it by reference.
The first of these is Joint Tenancy. A majority of married people, people in a civil union or people in long term de facto relationships, own their properties as joint tenants. The significant feature of this form of ownership is that on the death of the first partner, the property automatically passes to the survivor by way of a rule of law known as Survivorship. It does not matter what is in the first partner’s Will or, for that matter, whether the first partner even has a Will. The surviving partner will take the entire property in his or her own name. The property is not administered under the Will of the partner who has died.
The second common form of legal ownership where two (or more) people own property together is Tenancy in common. Simply, this form of ownership allows for property to be owned in distinct shares. The most common form is tenancy in common in equal shares, but, by creating a tenancy in common, ownership can be in unequal shares. Significantly, the rule of survivorship does not apply and, as a consequence, what happens to a person’s share of the property on his or her death depends entirely on what is stated in that person’s Will. Under a Will, a person holding shares in property as tenant in common’ can leave their share to anyone they choose or may even divide their share between two or more others thereby creating more owners of the same property. This is one reason why, for example, some Maori land can have a large number of owners, all of whom retain a legal interest in the property.
Rest home subsidies
Where property is owned by joint tenants the whole property passes to the survivor on the death of the other partner. If the surviving partner then requires either long stay hospital care or rest home care, they will have to meet Work and Income New Zealand (WINZ) criteria before qualifying for any Government-subsidised care.
Any person requiring long-term care is, under present rules, means tested in relation to his or her assets and (effectively) in relation to his or her income. Trusts are often used to remove assets from personal ownership and/or to tailor income to personal circumstances but legal advice must be sought as this is a complex area and mistakes can be costly. Simply, if the assets of a person who has been assessed as requiring long-term care are less than a certain amount they will be entitled to receive subsidised long-term care. Again, simply, certain income received may be repatriated by WINZ to refund the subsidy.
A person requiring long-term care who does not qualify for subsidised care, and who does not sell their home to pay for their care, may have their care paid by WINZ subject to WINZ taking a charge (similar to a mortgage) over the home. Any funds paid for care will typically be secured against the home and will be repaid to WINZ as a priority payment when the home is sold or passed to a new owner under the terms of a Will.
The right to receive, or the possibility of being denied, subsidised long-term care is a concern to a lot of people as they age and their needs change. Specialist advice should be sought at an early stage in order for people legally to protect their assets and income.
Some people choose tenancy in common as their preferred form of ownership in property. See 'What is a Life Interest Will?' below for more detail on the reasons why this is so.
Updated 1 July 2015 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers - www.laneneave.co.nz
DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this list of Questions and Answers (Q&A) is of a general nature. It is not intended as a substitute for specific professional advice on any matter and should not be relied upon for that purpose. The Q&A is not an alternative to legal advice and does not replace any requirements under any relevant Act, Regulations, Code of Practice, Rule, Standards or Orders. While Eldernet and Lane Neave Lawyers have endeavoured to ensure this information is accurate and as useful as possible, to the fullest extent permitted by law neither organisation accepts any loss, liability or responsibility (whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise) resulting directly or indirectly from any action taken or reliance made by any person on the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this Q&A or incorporated into it by reference.
The Property (Relationships) Act 1976 outlines the law in relation to the division of relationship property, whether on separation and/or on the death of one of a couple.
The Act applies to anyone who is married, in a civil union, or who lives in a de facto relationship (which may include a same sex couple). The law came into effect on the 1st of February 2002 with the passing of the re named Property (Relationships) Act 1976, formerly known as the Matrimonial Property Act 1976. Since the 1st of August 2001 married couples, civil union partners and de facto couples have been able to enter into an agreement to contract out of the provisions of the Act.
Prior to the passing of the amendment legislation in 2001 there was no clearly defined legal definition of what constituted a civil union partnership or a de facto relationship, and no statutory basis existed for the division of relationship property on the breakdown of a civil union partnership or a de facto relationship. The Act now defines a marriage, a civil union, and a de facto relationship. To assist in determining whether a couple is deemed to be living together, the Act provides a check list of factors to be taken into consideration, including:-
The Court may be called on to decide, as a question of fact, whether a relationship is a de facto relationship in terms of the Act and, if so, the date on which the relationship began. The start date can be difficult to ascertain and although a couple might maintain separate residences, the Court may still find the existence of a de facto relationship for other reasons, such as the way they hold themselves out to the public as a couple, the degree of financial interdependence which exists between them or the presence of children.
A marriage, civil union or de facto relationship of short duration is deemed by the Act to be one in which the partners have lived together as husband and wife, civil union partners or de facto partners for less than three years. Establishing the date that a de facto relationship began could therefore have significant financial implications. It should also be noted that under the Act, where a couple live together as de facto partners and then marry or enter into a civil union, the Court will typically include the time prior to the marriage or civil union in calculating the total duration of the marriage or civil union.
Where division of relationship property is required, the Act makes a presumption of equal sharing unless the marriage, civil union or de facto relationship is one of short duration, if there are extraordinary circumstances which make equal sharing repugnant to justice, or where there is economic disparity. Relationship property will include the family home and chattels, all property acquired after the relationship began, property acquired in contemplation of the relationship or intended for the common use or benefit of the parties.
In cases where there is significant economic disparity between the parties following separation, there is provision either for a departure from the equal sharing presumption or for the postponing of property sharing in order to prevent undue hardship on either spouse or partner.
It is still possible for one spouse or partner to retain separate property under the Act, common examples of which might include inheritances or gifts. It is important to maintain such property as being clearly separate because any degree of intermingling with other relationship property could lead to the separate property becoming relationship property. The special nature of separate property can be lost where, for example, an inheritance is used to pay off or reduce a joint mortgage on the family home, or where an inherited house is lived in by the couple. In either of these circumstances, what was separate property will almost certainly become relationship property.
Significantly, the Act also affects the division of property on the death of a spouse, civil union partner or de facto partner. A surviving partner now has an option of whether to:
A) accept an inheritance under the Will of the deceased partner; or
B) make a claim under the Act for their share of the relationship property.
Any such claim must be lodged within six months of death or the date of grant of administration of the estate, whichever is the later.
On its face, the Act favours the surviving partner as it is presumed that all property of the deceased partner at the time of death is relationship property and, furthermore, that all property acquired by the estate of the deceased partner is also relationship property. Once a surviving partner elects to exercise option B and lodge a claim against the estate, every gift to that person under the Will of the deceased is revoked unless it is clearly intended from the Will that the survivor receive those gifts regardless of the outcome of any claim.
Where property is transferred to a trust during the course of a marriage, civil union or de facto relationship, and this has the effect of defeating the sharing of relationship property, the Court can order compensation to be paid either in the form of money, by property being transferred to the partner or spouse, or by an order that trust income be paid to a partner or spouse for a specified period.
The legislation has potentially far reaching consequences for all couples (married, civil union or de facto) on the separation or death of a spouse or partner.
Updated 1 July 2015 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers - www.laneneave.co.nz
DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this list of Questions and Answers (Q&A) is of a general nature. It is not intended as a substitute for specific professional advice on any matter and should not be relied upon for that purpose. The Q&A is not an alternative to legal advice and does not replace any requirements under any relevant Act, Regulations, Code of Practice, Rule, Standards or Orders. While Eldernet and Lane Neave Lawyers have endeavoured to ensure this information is accurate and as useful as possible, to the fullest extent permitted by law neither organisation accepts any loss, liability or responsibility (whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise) resulting directly or indirectly from any action taken or reliance made by any person on the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this Q&A or incorporated into it by reference.
Many people put off making a Will, almost as if to do so is acknowledgement of one’s own mortality. Consider, though, what might happen if a person dies without a current or valid Will.
If a person dies without a current or valid Will he or she is said to have died ‘intestate’ and their estate will be settled according to the provisions of the Administration Act 1969. There are consequences to having property dealt with under that Act.
If a person dies intestate their estate is divided in strict accordance with the Act, initially amongst a surviving spouse, civil union or de facto partner, children and/or immediate family. If there are young children, any part of an intestate estate to which they might be entitled must be held in trust for them until they are 18 years old. If a person dies without a spouse or children, his or her property is distributed between their parents, brothers and sisters and perhaps even nieces and nephews. If the Administrator finds that there are no entitled beneficiaries (as that term is defined in the Act), the Crown takes the entire estate.
Almost inevitably the result is that a deceased’s estate is divided in a manner other than what he or she might have otherwise wished. In addition, dying intestate will invariably mean that the process of administering an estate will be more drawn out and almost inevitably more expensive. The Court will appoint an Administrator who is entitled to cover their costs from the estate.
If a person dies with a valid Will, he or she will have the comfort of knowing that their affairs will be administered in the manner they wished. Once a person has a valid Will it is important that it is reviewed regularly (to make sure it is up to date) and that someone close to you knows where the original signed copy of the Will is kept.
Updated 1 July 2015 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers – www.laneneave.co.nz
DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this list of Questions and Answers (Q&A) is of a general nature. It is not intended as a substitute for specific professional advice on any matter and should not be relied upon for that purpose. The Q&A is not an alternative to legal advice and does not replace any requirements under any relevant Act, Regulations, Code of Practice, Rule, Standards or Orders. While Eldernet and Lane Neave Lawyers have endeavoured to ensure this information is accurate and as useful as possible, to the fullest extent permitted by law neither organisation accepts any loss, liability or responsibility (whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise) resulting directly or indirectly from any action taken or reliance made by any person on the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this Q&A or incorporated into it by reference.
Basically, anything provided it is legal.
As well as dealing with a person’s property, a Will can also be used to give directions about burial or cremation and the type of funeral service. If there are young children, a guardian should be appointed in a Will to represent and protect the children’s interests, at least until they are 18 years of age.
Family arguments can be minimised by stating clearly which possessions are to go to which person. As well as leaving specific bequests of personal belongings, many people will choose to leave monetary amounts to family or friends and, in some circumstances, to a specified organisation or charity.
If there is a child with special needs, and it would be inappropriate for him or her to receive a cash gift from an estate, it is possible to set up a testamentary trust in a Will to ensure that the child’s needs are met during their lifetime and then upon their death, the remainder of the capital and interest of the trust can be divided in accordance with the wishes stated in the Will.
People may choose to leave their surviving spouse/partner a life interest only in their share of a house property or other investments, so that they enjoy the use of the asset (or the income from it) during the remainder of their lifetime, but on the death of the surviving spouse/partner, the capital is passed in accordance with the wishes stated in the Will.
If at the time of death a person is owed money by family members or by the trustees of a trust formed by the deceased person during their lifetime, it is possible for the deceased person to forgive that debt in their Will. Similarly, a Will can appoint new trustees of a trust that had been set up by the deceased person during their lifetime and can nominate someone to have the power of appointment of future trustees or beneficiaries of the trust. A Will is a flexible document which, if properly structured, can relieve financial strain on a family and limit arguments between those close to the deceased person. But, to be really useful, a Will must be reviewed regularly and, if necessary, either updated or replaced with a new Will.
Updated 1 July 2015 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers - www.laneneave.co.nz
DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this list of Questions and Answers (Q&A) is of a general nature. It is not intended as a substitute for specific professional advice on any matter and should not be relied upon for that purpose. The Q&A is not an alternative to legal advice and does not replace any requirements under any relevant Act, Regulations, Code of Practice, Rule, Standards or Orders. While Eldernet and Lane Neave Lawyers have endeavoured to ensure this information is accurate and as useful as possible, to the fullest extent permitted by law neither organisation accepts any loss, liability or responsibility (whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise) resulting directly or indirectly from any action taken or reliance made by any person on the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this Q&A or incorporated into it by reference.
A Will is a document that needs to be reviewed regularly as personal circumstances change.
There are, however, certain events which make it absolutely essential to update a Will. For example, a Will is automatically revoked if a person marries or enters into a civil union unless the Will was made in contemplation of that marriage or civil union. Likewise, if a marriage or civil union is dissolved, if there are dependent children, or if property interests increase significantly (by way of an inheritance, for example), a Will should be reviewed.
Updated 1 July 2015 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers - www.laneneave.co.nz
DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this list of Questions and Answers (Q&A) is of a general nature. It is not intended as a substitute for specific professional advice on any matter and should not be relied upon for that purpose. The Q&A is not an alternative to legal advice and does not replace any requirements under any relevant Act, Regulations, Code of Practice, Rule, Standards or Orders. While Eldernet and Lane Neave Lawyers have endeavoured to ensure this information is accurate and as useful as possible, to the fullest extent permitted by law neither organisation accepts any loss, liability or responsibility (whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise) resulting directly or indirectly from any action taken or reliance made by any person on the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this Q&A or incorporated into it by reference.
The Trusts Act 2019 makes significant changes to previous trust law. See Ministry of Justice information
The Trusts Act 2019 makes significant changes to previous trust law. See Ministry of Justice information
Some home support services may be free to the client. There may be a part charge or you may have to pay for your services yourself. It depends on your situation. Funding agencies such as the Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) and the District Health Board (DHB) have an assessment process that considers eligibility.
If you want to access any DHB subsidised service your needs must be assessed by someone from their contracted assessment agency. Eligibility criteria including financial criteria also apply. Generally those who hold a Community Services Card will be eligible for subsidised services. There may however be services such as personal assistance (help with showering, bathing, etc) carer support etc that non-cardholders can access. For full information talk to someone from your local NASC team. See also the section 'What financial assistance may be available?'
You may contact a NASC agency yourself or go through your GP. There is no cost for an assessment. If you go through your GP you will need to pay the usual GP charge.
One thing that it is helpful to remember is; that if the person getting subsidised home support services would like more hours/services than have been allocated, it is possible to purchase additional hours/services. The additional hours/services do not have to be purchased from the same agency.
Where's my nearest Needs Assessment Services Co-Ordination (NASC) or Care Co-ordination Centre?
Different options exist for a person to set aside funds for their funeral that will not be considered as an asset for such things as asset testing by WINZ for a benefit or eligibility for subsidised long-term care.
Many people choose to enter into a prepaid funeral arrangement with a funeral director of their choice. Generally speaking, this will be for a set amount sufficient to cover the costs of a funeral at an agreed rate. Those funds are then invested in a funeral trust by the funeral director and if, after the funeral has been paid for, there are funds left over, those funds could remain the property of the funeral director. Advice should be sought before signing any such contract.
At the present time WINZ permits an amount of up to $10,000 to be set aside in a prepaid funeral trust, and for that sum not to be included as an asset of the person to whose credit the money is held. This is a declaration of trust where an amount of up to $10,000 is placed in the name of the trustee(s), to hold the same for the express purpose of paying for a named person’s funeral. These funds may be invested in an investment chosen by the trustee(s). Under new income testing rules for residential care subsidies the income from the funeral trust is counted as income available to pay for long-term care. Following death and a funeral, the funds are used to pay the funeral account. Any balance will form part of the deceased person’s estate and will be distributed according to the terms of the person’s Will.
In determining eligibility for subsidised long-term care the amount set aside in a Funeral Trust will not be included in a person’s assets provided the amount does not exceed $10,000.
Updated 1 July 2015 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers - www.laneneave.co.nz
DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this list of Questions and Answers (Q&A) is of a general nature. It is not intended as a substitute for specific professional advice on any matter and should not be relied upon for that purpose. The Q&A is not an alternative to legal advice and does not replace any requirements under any relevant Act, Regulations, Code of Practice, Rule, Standards or Orders. While Eldernet and Lane Neave Lawyers have endeavoured to ensure this information is accurate and as useful as possible, to the fullest extent permitted by law neither organisation accepts any loss, liability or responsibility (whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise) resulting directly or indirectly from any action taken or reliance made by any person on the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this Q&A or incorporated into it by reference.
An ‘occupation right agreement’ is a generic name given to any written agreement that gives a person the right to occupy a unit in a retirement village and that sets out the relevant terms and conditions.
The occupation right agreement must be clear and unambiguous. It may consist of more than one document.
The occupation right agreement must comply and be consistent with the provisions of the Retirement Villages Act 2003, the Retirement Village (General) Regulations 1996 and the Retirement Villages Code of Practice 2008. Each of the Act, the Regulations and the Code has been updated in the years since their introduction. Operators must register their standard form of occupation right agreement with the Registrar of Retirement Villages.
Schedule 3 of the Act, and the Regulations, set out what must be covered in the occupation right agreement, and Part 2 of the Act covers the process for entering into an agreement. The Code of Practice specifies minimum requirements for the day-to-day operation of the village and, by virtue of section 92 of the Act, will take priority in the event that a clause in an occupation right agreement is less favourable to a resident than a similar clause in the Code of Practice.
What issues does the occupation right agreement have to deal with?
The village and its operations
The occupation right agreement must cover:
Consultation with residents
The occupation right agreement must also require the operator to consult with residents:
Treatment of residents
In addition, the occupation right agreement must require the operator and the people who work at the village and provide services to:
Where the village or unit hasn't been built
If the village or unit is not yet completed when the occupation right agreement is signed, the agreement must state the unit's proposed completion date. The disclosure statement given to the intending resident before they signed the occupation right agreement must also give information about the state of the village, including its stage of completion.
Getting independent legal advice before the agreement is signed
Intending residents must get independent legal advice before they sign an occupation right agreement. This means advice from a lawyer who is completely independent of the retirement village operator.
The lawyer must explain to the intending resident the general effect of the agreement and its implications, before the person signs it. This lawyer must do this in a way that is appropriate to the person's age and understanding. The lawyer must then witness the person's signature and certify that they explained these things.
It is not enough that a person such as a staff member from the village explains the occupation right agreement to the intending resident, it must be an independent lawyer (and not a legal executive).
If in some substantial way any of these requirements is not met, or under certain other specific circumstances described in the Act, a resident can avoid (cancel) the occupation right agreement.
Cancelling an agreement during a "cooling-off" period, or for delay
A "cooling-off" period after the agreement is signed
After new residents have signed an occupation right agreement, they have 15 working days in which they can change their mind and cancel the agreement. This applies to everyone who signs an occupation right agreement with a retirement village. It is not necessary for the operator to have done anything wrong.
The cancellation must be notified in writing to the operator or their agent. No particular words need be used, so long as the intention to cancel is clear. No reason has to be given.
Once the agreement is cancelled, the person is entitled to have returned to them everything they have paid, plus net interest (if any), within 10 working days. However, they must pay for any services they have used if they lived in the unit during this period, and for any damage they may have caused during the period of their occupancy although, at a practical level, most operators will not permit a resident to move into a unit until the cooling-off period has passed.
Cancellation for delay
The intending resident can cancel the occupation right agreement if the unit is not, for practical purposes, completed within six months of the proposed completion date. They can do this any time after the six-month period. They must then be refunded all payments they have made including net interest (if any).
The buyer must notify the operator or their agent in writing that they are cancelling the agreement. They do not have to use any particular words so long as their intention to cancel is clear.
Deposits and progress payments to be independently held
Every deposit, progress payment or other payment that a person makes for a right to live in a unit must be held by an independent stakeholder – typically this will be the village’s statutory supervisor and the money will be held in a trust account. The stakeholder holds the payment until the transaction is settlement date and the cooling-off period has passed, or until the agreement is cancelled during the cooling-off period.
If the retirement village has been granted an exemption from the need to appoint a statutory supervisor, a lawyer nominated by both the resident and operator must hold the money. The nomination must be in writing, in a separate document from the occupation right agreement.
Cancellation of an occupation right agreement other than by way of cooling-off
When can a resident avoid an agreement?
The Act provides limited relief to void an occupation right agreement where a breach is in a substantial respect and:
The Act specifies timeframes and what must happen in such circumstances but, generally, a resident in such a situation could expect to have all money they have paid (including capital sums and payment for services received) returned to them, along with net interest and the costs of cancelling the occupation right agreement.
What happens in the event of a dispute?
An operator must have in place a system for dealing with complaints and, generally, these must be dealt with within 20 working days. In the event that a complaint is not dealt with, or is not dealt with satisfactorily, the resident or the operator may initiate a dispute. A dispute can between a resident and the operator, or between residents. Mediation is available by virtue of the Code of Practice and it can be a more effective and quicker mechanism for dealing with a problem than by using the dispute process.
Part 4 of the Act has more information about how a dispute panel is appointed to hear the dispute, and how the dispute will be addressed. The costs of a dispute panel are typically the responsibility of the operator but the dispute panel may see fit to make the resident responsible for some of the costs incurred as a result of the dispute notice having been given.
The decision of a dispute panel can be appealed to the District Court or, for certain matters, to the High Court.
All dispute panel decisions made since the Act came into force in 2007 are available to be read and/or downloaded from the retirement villages section of the Commission for Financial Literacy and Retirement Income website.
Updated 4 August 2014 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers - www.laneneave.co.nz
If property is owned by two or more persons as tenants in common, they are free to leave their share of the property in such manner as they choose in their Will.
Where, say as a husband and wife, a family home is owned as tenants in common in equal shares, either spouse may leave a life interest in their Will to the surviving spouse. On the death of the first spouse, his or her estate will be administered by the executor(s) appointed in the Will who will then typically take on the role of trustee(s) to administer the right of the surviving spouse to live in the property for the remainder of his or her lifetime. Upon the ultimate death of the surviving spouse, the share of the property that is still owned by the first spouse will be passed to the final or residuary beneficiaries named in the first spouse’s Will.
Under this scenario the surviving spouse, as a tenant in common, only owns their share of the property in his or her own name. The other share is recorded on the Certificate of Title as being in the name of the trustee(s) and to be dealt with as specified in the first spouse’s Will. Should the surviving spouse at any time require long-term care, they may be more likely to qualify for subsidised care as, in making any declaration to WINZ about the extent of their assets, they need only declare ownership of the other part of the property that they own as he or she enjoy only a life interest in the other part of the property.
Even if the family home is sold (or at least charged by WINZ) to pay for long-term care, only the sale proceeds from the part of the property owned by the surviving spouse/partner (subject to the allowable asset limits) need be used to pay for long-term care. As subsidised long-term care is (effectively) income tested, if the house were sold and the proceeds from the sale of the late spouse’s/partner’s share invested, the income from that would typically also need to be used to pay toward the cost of long-term care. Significantly though, the capital is preserved and upon the death of the surviving spouse/partner, the capital would go to the final or residuary beneficiaries named in the Will. If no-one is named as such in the Will, the property may need to be distributed under the terms of the Administration Act 1969.
There are anti-avoidance provisions in the Social Security Act 1964 and it is important to seek professional advice before taking any action. The Chief Executive of the Ministry of Social Development has wide powers to set aside any disposition of property which is considered to have been entered into to ensure that a person qualifies for a benefit or subsidy to which they might not otherwise be entitled. Timing is important, as is good legal advice. Generally, gifts made within a five year period of application for subsidised long-term care are clawed back and there is discretion for the Chief Executive to look back further, as they see fit.
A lawyer’s cost to transfer ownership of a home from joint tenancy to a tenancy in common, including completion of Wills with appropriate life interests, may be in the order of $1,500 provided there is no mortgage involved although this is cheaper than the more complicated and expensive option of transferring a home into a discretionary trust. Although a trust can protect the whole property, along with any other assets transferred into the trust, a life interest situation will usually ensure that at least one half of the property is protected and preserved for children or other beneficiaries. Legal advice should always be sought before any of these types of decision are made.
Updated 1 July 2015 by Peter Orpin of Lane Neave Lawyers - www.laneneave.co.nz
DISCLAIMER
The information provided in this list of Questions and Answers (Q&A) is of a general nature. It is not intended as a substitute for specific professional advice on any matter and should not be relied upon for that purpose. The Q&A is not an alternative to legal advice and does not replace any requirements under any relevant Act, Regulations, Code of Practice, Rule, Standards or Orders. While Eldernet and Lane Neave Lawyers have endeavoured to ensure this information is accurate and as useful as possible, to the fullest extent permitted by law neither organisation accepts any loss, liability or responsibility (whether in contract, tort (including negligence) or otherwise) resulting directly or indirectly from any action taken or reliance made by any person on the information or advice (or the use of such information or advice) which is provided in this Q&A or incorporated into it by reference.
Most of us are familiar with the high profile Retirement/Lifestyle Village complexes located around the country. They may have associated onsite residential care services or they may be of the variety that includes multiple resources such as a golf course and/or swimming pool, shops, restaurants and other services; to the extent that they seem like a small town. Not all villages however are like this. Some are quite small. In fact the range of Retirement/Lifestyle Villages is almost as varied as the lifestyles represented in this target population.
The definition of a Retirement Village (See The Retirement Villages Act 2003 [The Act]) is broader than you may think. Key points:
With such a range of possibilities there could be a Retirement or Lifestyle Village to suit you.
Residents enjoy village life
The Retirement Villages Survey 2006 undertaken by the Commission for Financial Capability (previously the Retirement Commission) showed a large percentage of residents were very happy with their experience of retirement village life. Retirement/Lifestyle Villages appeal to people for a number of reasons. A village can offer you a number of benefits, such as:
Taking the first step
When you ‘buy into’ a retirement/lifestyle village you pay a lump sum or capital amount. Thereafter ongoing fees apply. Before you take the first step however you need to seek independent legal advice as the issues pertaining to this sector are complex.
The Retirement Villages Act 2003 is designed to make things clearer so that you are better informed both before you make your decision and during your occupancy.
Each village differs from the next; there are a variety of legal titles, some will offer a full range of accommodation types and services and others less. Each has its own set of ‘rules’ which can cover things like pet ownership through to defining whether you can access community support services (funded or otherwise). The Act is designed to fully disclose these and other aspects of moving into a village.
With the introduction of The Act all villages are now required to:
The Act also requires that you, as an intending resident: get an independent lawyer to explain the ORA and its implications before signing the agreement.
Financial considerations
The financial implications of a move into a village are considerable. Villages will charge a monthly fee to cover the services and the care and maintenance of the grounds and buildings in the village. These service fees will vary from site to site, so check what the fee covers in the village you are considering.
Remember to consider things like:
There is ‘cooling down’ provision in The Act of 15 days. Keep this knowledge in the back of your mind when you sign. It’s another protection for you.
FOR MORE INFORMATION SEE:
Register of Retirement Villages (New Zealand Companies Office)
All Retirement Villages are required to be registered with the New Zealand Companies Office and must file an annual return.
The Companies website allows you to search the Register for any retirement village and obtain details about directors and share parcels. There is also a section for Retirement Village operators.
The website includes links to the following:
“Sorted is New Zealand’s free independent money guide, run by the Commission for Financial Capability. It’s full of calculators and information to help you manage your personal finances throughout life .” It also includes sections on ‘Living in Retirement’, ‘Losing Your Partner' and ‘Moving to a Retirement Village’. The website has a lot of helpful information for intending Retirement Village residents.
The Commission for Financial Capability
“The Commission for Financial Capability is an autonomous crown entity that helps New Zealanders prepare financially for their retirement.” This website will help you learn more about your rights and retirement village operator’s obligations. Check this site if you need more information about:
The booklet Thinking of living in a retirement village is available to download from the internet or you can order a free copy.
The Retirement Villages Association
“The Retirement Villages Association [RVA] is a voluntary membership association for operators of retirement villages in New Zealand and individuals / commercial organisations that work in the retirement villages sector.
The RVA is a national body that works to represent, protect and promote the interests of its members and their associated services."
There is a membership Code of Practice.
The website includes:
Finally - Download the Eldernet Retirement Villages Checklist
Updated 2015-07-14
This information is located in the Work and Income website
The Home Support agency should have given your mother a ‘Support Plan’ which details the services being provided. Is she happy for you to look at that with her?
It sounds as though your mother is receiving what is commonly referred to as a ‘restorative’ service. A ‘restorative’ home help service is quite different to a more traditional type of cleaning service. The former is about helping people regain or maintain their abilities etc.; the latter is about getting a job done.
This means that the worker will do things differently with your mother than how you might expect. S/he will do fewer things ‘for’ your mother and more ‘with’ her. The process is likely to include setting some goals and making a plan of how things could be done in order to help her grow her confidence and achieve her goals.
This type of services is quite actively promoted in some DHB (District Health Board) areas and is based on the understanding that if older people don’t actively maintain their skills and abilities they can quickly lose them, and along with them their confidence to be able to do things for themselves. It’s very easy for the confidence of older people to be undermined; a near slip or fall can make the person over cautious, influencing their subsequent actions or a casual comment such as “Oh you’re still driving at your age” can be enough to put someone off driving. So it is with household tasks; it is much harder to do them with confidence after someone else has done them for you, even it was for only a relatively short period.
A restorative type of service has usually been put in place following an assessment provided via the local DHB. Often this assessment follows on from an adverse health event e.g. stroke, fall etc. After such an event (and where it is considered to be achievable) it is important to restore confidence and abilities as quickly as possible. It has been shown that doing things for people, when they do have some ability to do part or all of the task for themselves (even if they are slow) is just not helpful in the long term. Of course in some situations there are things that older people will not be able to do for themselves and in those situations, things will need to be done for them.
Common restorative approaches include:
While ‘restorative’ types of services are provided by many DHBs they are not provided by all. In some instances private home support agencies will also be able to offer a restorative service.
In the event that your mother is not receiving a ‘restorative’ service and indeed the home help person is not doing the work that they are supposed to be doing then you need to make further investigations. Please see the section: Making a Complaint.
Older people experiencing depression often misunderstand it. They may hide it from those who can help. It is not a normal part of ageing and can be successfully treated. There’s real benefit in sorting it out early
Our physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual health and wellbeing are intertwined. They all contribute to make us who we are and any one element can affect another.
Western tradition has tended to see physical health as separate to anything else in our lives but those who specialise in working with older people are more aware of how these are interconnected. They know, for example, that how you feel emotionally, spiritually and mentally has an impact on your physical health and similarly, that your physical health affects your emotional, spiritual and mental wellbeing. Depression often involves a complex mix of these issues. It affects many older people and is frequently overlooked or undiagnosed.
Most older people will talk to a doctor about a physical condition but many find it hard talking about emotional or mental health problems for fear of being labelled or being a nuisance. They may not recognise what is happening or think nobody cares anyway. Many don’t believe that pills or counselling could possibly help them. Ageism also makes it harder for these issues to be addressed, with some older people made to feel they don’t matter or don’t deserve help.
Older people experience the ups and downs of life just like other age groups. They may also be at more risk of developing depression as losses, ill health, frailty and other factors often compound over their lifespan.
Older people experiencing depression often misunderstand it and it is often hidden from those who may be able to help. For these reasons the real rate of depression in older people is unknown but is thought to be quite high. Perhaps the stereotype of ‘grumpy old people’ has its origin in hidden depression.
The good news is that depression is not a normal part of ageing. While it can be serious, in most instances it can be successfully treated. There’s real benefit in sorting it out early. Symptoms of depression differ to normal reactions to life’s problems in that they don’t go away. They include deep and persistent sadness, unexplained anger, unrelenting unexplained pain, continually feeling worn down or flat’, misusing alcohol and other drugs, weight loss, appetite changes, feeling unwell, self-neglect, withdrawal and feeling useless. There may be uncontrollable thoughts of suicide. Those who find themselves in a culture that seems foreign, such as migrants, may feel cast adrift.
Factors that increase the likelihood of depression can be physical (a medical condition, unrelenting pain, dementia or genetic influences), emotional (grief following the death of a partner), the side effects of medication, other mental health conditions, isolation, loneliness, stress, use of alcohol or non-prescribed drugs, or a combination of these.
Untreated depression can negatively affect our physical health and is a possible risk factor for dementia.
It is never too late to sort it out. Treatment depends on the cause and the severity of the depression. Physical conditions need to be treated or managed. Medication such as antidepressants may be prescribed. Structured problem-solving therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy have been shown to be effective, as has joining a group with an educative or exercise component.
Lifestyle changes may be helpful, also spiritual support. In most instances, professional help is needed to find the right solution as everyone has different requirements.
If an older person has talked to you and you or they are concerned about their emotional or mental wellbeing, take them seriously and advise them to seek professional assistance. Offer to take them or accompany them to their first appointment.
NEED HELP?
Seek help early from someone experienced in older people’s issues; don’t wait until things get worse.
Don’t let feelings of fear, embarrassment or shame stop you from getting help.
Don’t downplay the symptoms.
If you have been given some treatment or advice and it isn’t helpful, say so.
Visit www.depression.org.nz or call 0800 111 757
If you haven’t already made an emergency plan you need to do so now. Think about who might be able to come to your assistance if you should need it and discuss this with family, friends and neighbours. If you live in a retirement village you are considered to be living independently and responsible for yourself. (Ask the village operator what their emergency plan is and how you might be included in it.)
Prepare a survival kit. In most instances you will be able to remain in your own home but you need to be prepared to look after yourself for at least three days or more. This means having an adequate supply of food and water for this amount of time; also plan for a possible loss of electricity and sewerage. As well as food and water items you should have in your survival kit a radio, batteries, torch, first aid kit, essential medicines, toiletries, large rubbish bags, face and dust masks as well as blankets and/or sleeping bags.
In case you do need to leave your home in a hurry it is important to have a “get away” kit packed and ready to go. Include in this some warm, sensible clothing and footwear, radio, torch and basic toiletries. Make sure you have some cash on you (it can be hard to access money during an emergency). A small amount of water and food is also a good idea. Fasten a note to the top to reminder yourself of last minute items such as glasses, medicines etc and keep all these items handy and in the same place if possible to ensure a quick get-away.
An analogue phone (the old plug into the wall type) are often more reliable in an emergency than other types however cell phones are particularly helpful (recharging can be an issue however). If you can’t text consider learning how to do this. Texting conserves power on your cell phone and is more likely to ‘get through’ than a phone call in an emergency situation.
The Civil Defense has prepared a checklist which is useful to review when planning for emergencies. This is also found in the back of most phone books.
If you have limited mobility, mobility scooters can be great to way to maintain your independence and lifestyle. It is however necessary to have comparable skills and be just as safety conscious as you would in any other vehicle.
Land Transport (Road User) Rule 2004 Schedule 1Objective of rule states:
“A mobility device is a vehicle with a maximum power output not exceeding 1500 W that is principally designed and constructed for use by persons who require mobility assistance due to a physical or neurological impairment. Mobility devices are restricted to the footpath, where this is practicable and where they must be operated in a careful and considerate manner.”
While they are popular and can be easily purchased in most small towns and cities, it’s important that new users are given helpful information, tips and basic advice.
You can find some very useful information at the New Zealand Transport Agency website. They also have information about scooters and mobility devices.
Generally, Retirement Village operators have designed serviced apartments (and other similar services) so that increasing (or decreasing) ‘packages’ of support can be offered as residents’ needs change. However, rather than making assumptions about your increasing need for support (and running the risk that you over look something that might be able to be addressed/treated) it is recommended that a ‘needs assessment’ is obtained from the experts at the older persons service in your area.
An assessment will establish what your real needs are and whether these are able to be addressed (e.g. rehabilitation may be offered, or medical conditions treated etc.). You will then be in a better position to know exactly what is required. If it is clear that you need more support a recommendation will be made outlining the nature of this support.
You may be able to purchase the necessary support from the Retirement Village. Your contract with the Retirement Village should state just what services are available for purchase and the extent of these (e.g. rest home level of care, hospital level of care etc.). It should also indicate what will happen if you run out of your own funds.
In some situations and in some villages parts of the Retirement Village (e.g. care apartments, serviced apartments, studio units, etc.) may also be ‘certified’ by the government certifying agency and ‘contracted’ to your local District Health Board (DHB) to:
Your eligibility is established firstly by your needs assessment and secondly via a financial means assessment. (See also the residential care Frequent Question ‘Will I have to pay for my care?’)
One of the difficulties with understanding this new service is working out who pays for what when a subsidy is involved. Specific rules apply in such situations.
Whether you are privately paying or receiving a RCS it is likely that the Retirement Village will also assess the situation to decide whether they can in fact safely deliver the level of care to you in your apartment that you require.
Being fearful of others can lead older people to isolate in their homes. Fear of being scammed can do the same, or lead people to shun the internet, email and other new ways of communicating and staying in touch.
Yes, scammers are out there. But common sense and a healthy amount of scepticism can keep you safe from those who want to rip you off.
There’s lots of help available – check out Consumer NZ and the Commission for Financial Capability for a start. Boiling all the advice down to one thing, it’s quite simple – if it seems too good to be true, then it probably is.
Some scammers deliberately target older people, either by door knock or phone call. Their stories may target your needs, worries, or desire to help a seemingly worthy cause.
Romance scams in particular are cruel and insidious, playing on someone’s sense of loneliness and their desire for companionship. Having established trust, the scammer will ask for money under some pretence, or for help with banking transactions that may in fact be money laundering.
Scammers grow more sophisticated the more that authorities expose their ruses. The level of sophistication can take in even the most wary, so there is no shame in admitting you have been duped. In fact, reporting scams is the best way to ensure they are closed down, as authorities can issue warnings and take steps to block the offenders.
Awareness is our best defence, and we can all play a part in spreading the message. Raising the subject with friends and family is a good place to start – it’s highly likely people in your circle have been targeted by scammers, if not taken in.
Forewarned is forearmed, and sharing these stories helps us all to remain vigilant.
CONSUMER NZ’S TOP TIPS
More information on scams and how to avoid them is available from the Commission for Financial Capability (CFFC).
284 Keyes Road
New Brighton
Christchurch 8083
Postal Address
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New Brighton
Christchurch 8641
